The Civil War then delayed construction of the railroad. crossing the mississippi river in 1850. . Meeker, Kane says, retained some shares of the company for himself, as did his friends. In this act, Congress directed the Corps to extend navigation to the Washington Avenue Bridge by constructing Lock and Dam 2.91 While it did not mention Lock and Dam 1, Congress called for improving the river from near the mouth of the Minnesota River to the Washington Avenue Bridge, indicating that another lock and dam would be built below Meeker Island. Crossing the river was essential from the outset. 1850-1899. Ibid., p. 293. The threat of a railroad monopoly, the commercial decline of the Mississippi River and rising dissatisfaction with his Republican party were of particular concern to Senator Windom (Figure 7). But in 1868, he quarreled with Minnesota's senior Republican leader, Alexander Ramsey, and failed to get reelected. Native American at back of boat (detail), Emanuel Leutze, Washington Crossing the Delaware, 1851, oil on canvas, 378.5 x 647.7 cm (Metropolitan Museum of Art, photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) Despite Leutze's interest in history, there is little historical accuracy to be found within the painting. The conservationist and local hero hails from the Quad Cities, a 300,000-person metropolitan area spanning two states on either side of the Mississippi River. Just past the crest, the channel quickly became deeper.30 Normally, the river would begin cutting through the steep slope on the back side of the bar and another bar would eventually begin forming downstream of it. A. Humphreys, the Chief of Engineers, ordered Brevet Major General and Major of Engineers Gouverneur K. Warren to St. Paul to begin the Corps' work on the upper Mississippi River (Figure 4). The Caffrey may have done some work with closing dams earlier. Nate [Nathan] Daly, Tracks and Trails: Incidents in the Life of a Minnesota Pioneer, (Walker, Minnesota: Cass County Pioneer, 1931), p. 18. Roald Tweet, History of Transportation on the Upper Mississippi & Illinois Rivers, (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), 21-22; Petersen, Captains and Cargoes, 228, 234-38; Hartsough, Canoe, 74-75. Between 1800 and 1860, 'at least 875,000 . First, did Kelley get the idea for the Grange on his trip through the South? Those that swayed back and forth with the current they called sawyers. In addition to the Mississippi River crossings, there are six Rock River crossings and another in the final design stage. . he concluded, calling on Congress to appropriate funding for every navigable stream in the West and to open the natural outlets free to all.47 To restore river traffic, Kelley insisted that the Mississippi needed grants like those given to railroads, and the Grange had to establish an agent in St. Louis to buy and sell Minnesota's products. Railroads moved their freight quicker, giving their users greater flexibility in responding to market changes. Location: Illinois, United States. They would have to alter the pattern by which sand and silt moved along the river bottom. The Mississippi River gave birth to most cities along its banks, and those cities did all they could to ensure that the river would nurture their growth. Twelve years later, in 1848, the territory became the new state of . Seller assumes all responsibility for this listing . Harold B. Schonberger, Transportation to the Seaboard: The Communication Revolution and American Foreign Policy, 1860-1900, (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Corporation, 1971), p. 21. But the economic panic of 1857 and the Civil War ended further railroad expansion across the Mississippi. Another wave soon followed. The young Daly recalled in his memoir that he could distinctly hear the grinding of her bottom on the gravel bar over which she was passing.23 Some boats ground to a halt on sandbars. Ibid. After months of frustration, criticism and failure, Grant had executed a brilliant maneuver. U.S. Congress, House, Survey of Upper Mississippi River, Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to a resolution of the House, of December 20, 1866, transmitting report of the Chief of Engineers, with General Warrens report of the surveys of the Upper Mississippi river and its tributaries, 39th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. The second advance resulted in a bloody repulse at Chickasaw Bayou, north of Vicksburg. Minneapolis had captured title to the head of navigation, but the low dams had eliminated St. Pauls hope for securing hydropower. Without a lock and dam, the river above St. Paul was too narrow, too shallow, too strewn with boulders and the current too fast for steamboat navigation.34 To create a safe and continuous 4-foot channel for the river between St. Paul and the Rock Island Rapids, Warren asked for $96,000 to acquire and operate two dredge and snag boats, $5,000 to construct an experimental closing dam at Prescott Island, about 26 miles below St. Paul, and $5,000 for another experimental closing dam for the Wacouta chute near Red Wing, Minnesota.35. . 123-24. 14-15: the rule has been to place them, in straight reaches, five-sevenths of the proposed channel width apart; in curved reaches, one-half on the concave sides and the full width on the convex sides. By 1830, the steamboat age had come to the upper Mississippi and by 1840, there was heavy river commerce between St. Louis and the head of navigation at St. Anthony's Falls, near present-day St. Paul, Minnesota. Such improvements were beyond the ability of the individual states and had to be undertaken by the federal government, they declared.50. The upper river, stretching from the headwaters down to the Twin Cities, was not used by barge traffic. Acknowledging the obvious local appearance of its request, the state touted the projects interregional benefits. Because some of the bridges across the river may be under construction, unofficial, small or in disrepair, the exact number of bridges that cross the Mississippi River is difficult to pin down to a single precise number; however, it can be said that there are at least 130 bridges that cross the Mississippi River. The Harahan Bridge opened in 1916 and was used until 1949. When the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad was completed in 1854 under the direction of Henry Farnam and his partner Joseph Sheffield, it became the first to connect the East with the Mississippi River. This is a list of bridgesand other crossings of the Lower Mississippi Riverfrom the Ohio Riverdownstream to the Gulf of Mexico. Petersen, Steamboating, p. 298, also recognizes the railroad at Rock Island as the first to reach the river. As Mackenzie anticipated, Congress, under pressure from Minneapolis to do something, provided $50,000 to the Corps to remove boulders, which the Engineers did during the summer of 1890 and in 1891. The Confederates hammered the fleet, preventing a crossing. . They would build as many wing dams, close as many side channels, and protect as much shoreline as needed to establish a 41/2-foot channel. Demonstrating the Grange's early concern for improving the Mississippi River, the state Grange convention of 1869 featured the river. Annual Report, 1875, Part 2, Vol. But, as a result of the economic panic beginning that year, a number of unprecedented droughts and the Civil War, navigation, they brashly claimed, had receded some sixteen miles, to St. Paul, where all the freight destined to these cities, (Minneapolis and St. Anthony) and the vast regions north and west . A thick limestone mantle formed the riverbed. Lock and Dam 2 (the Meeker Island Lock and Dam) could then be placed about 2.9 miles upstream, below Meeker Island, and would have a lift of 13.8 feet. From the St. Croix to the Illinois River it varied from 18 to 24 inches.15 A few miles below St. Paul, the river sometimes became so shallow that boats would have to stop within sight of the city.16 The folklore that people once waded across the Mississippi is true. Shermans troops, meanwhile, demonstrated against the citys northern defenses. . 1; see U.S. Congress, House, Survey of the Upper Mississippi River, Exec. The existing Rock River bridges include three federal, one state, and one local crossings. According to one historian, 'the Mississippi River gave slavery a whole new lease on life' (Johnson, 2013: 6-7, 146). HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. The island divided the river, and the navigation channel sometimes ran on the east side and sometimes on the west. In his next report, Warren had suggested a system of 41 reservoirs for the St. Croix, Chippewa, Wisconsin and Mississippi River basins. branch, . . 310-11. m., over which the annual rainfall averages 34.7 in., and its discharge per second into the Lower Mississippi varies from 25,000 cub. The burdens they impose upon both consumer and producer are too grievous to be long endured.55 On March 26, 1873, responding to Windom, the Grange and the transportation crisis, the Senate directed Windoms committee to study the problem.56, On April 24, 1874, Windoms committee submitted its report to the Senate. Edward L. Pross, A History of Rivers and Harbors Appropriation Bills, 1866-1933, Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 1938, p. 44. Starting in northern Minnesota, the Mississippi River flows by Minneapolis, St. Louis, Memphis, Baton Rouge and New Orleans. The St. Paul businessmen included William E. McNair, Eugene M. Wilson, William S. King, Edward Murphy, and Isaac Atwater. Historians generally agree that with the Civil War's end the federal government took a very different position on internal improvements. Construction of the tied-in double-arch structure began in May 1967. St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers. St. John the Baptist Parish (SJBP, French: Paroisse de Saint-Jean-Baptiste) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana.At the 2020 census, the population was 42,477. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. Construction of the five-and-a-half-mile, six-lane bridge cost fifty-seven million dollars. Annual Report, 1881, p. 2746. c. 1810. As water and ice eroded the sandstone out from underneath the limestone at the edge of the falls, the limestone broke off in large slabs, and the falls receded. Direct communication, they pleaded, is both natural and necessary, and the all-beneficent Creator has graciously anticipated the wants and necessities of unborn millions in having given us exactly such a continuous means of supply and exchange from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf of Mexico. The petition even cited editorials from the St. Paul papers stressing the importance of Minneapolis to the region's economy. It would alter the navigable portion of the river through the MNRRA corridor dramatically. Few boats plied the river above Galena. On the Mississippi's west bank, Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand marched his XIII Corps and two divisions from Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson's XVII Corps south to Hard Times, La., opposite Grand Gulf, the planned crossing point. "This was like a day after he crossed the river. I could even smell the delightfully blended odor of the willows and of the creosoted marline twine with which the bundles were held together. Twenty-seven river miles downstream, at Hastings, they recorded a rise of about one foot and at Red Wing about one-half foot. 17 Oct 1872 BUTLER, Thomas *15: BRAKEMAN, Harriet (1835-1866): m'd 05 Jul 1852 WADSWORTH, Elisha . In this way, pilots hoped to walk their boat over the bar. George Byron Merrick, Old Times on the Upper Mississippi: The Recollections of a Steamboat Pilot from 1854 to 1863, Appendix B, Opening of Navigation at St. Paul, 1844-1862, (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987), p. 295. The best market for the Midwest's corn, flour, pork, and beef, it claimed, was the South. Due to the collapse of this tunnel, St. Anthony Falls was in danger of eroding away. An interview with historian Richard M. McMurry on his 2023 book, The Civil Wars of General Joseph E. Johnston, Confederate States Army.. In addition to its transport role for goods, the river acted as a conduit for the slaves' journey to the Deep South. From his experiences, Merrick learned much about the natural river. Hillhouse reported that the Caffreys work had included 1,600 feet of wing dams. This act signaled a new era of internal improvements and the beginning of dramatic changes to the upper Mississippi River. He also sold boat-stores and groceries to the steamboats that stopped at the levee. These slight dams, Warren commented, had been somewhat successful, indicating a way of deepening the low-water channel worthy of special attention. But these measures had been only temporary; high water usually swept the dams away. Annual Report, 1872, pp. Some opponents argued that it was the federal government's responsibility to improve the river, not private interests subsidized by the government. Key local projects included Locks and Dams 1 (Ford Dam) and 2 (Hastings), Lower and Upper St. Anthony Falls Locks and Dams, and the little known Meeker Island Lock and Dam, which was the rivers first and shortest-lived lock and dam (Figure 2). Merritt, Creativity, p. 141, says that When it appeared that the Mississippi River Improvement and Manufacturing Company would not be able to resolve its internal conflicts, Congress decided to give the project over to the Corps of Engineers. Neither author discusses who pushed Congress to authorize the project. From their pioneer days on, they insisted that the federal government should improve the river for navigation. Whatever products the Midwest came to manufacture, like woolen and cotton fabrics, would find their chief market in the South and Southwest. Farmers created third parties in states throughout the country during the mid-1870s, winning significant elections and threatening the established order. A major focus of the Big River Crossing is the "big river" itself, which visitors view from the nearly one-mile walkway built alongside the historic Harahan Bridge, one of the river's former roadways. While Grant continued planning and waited for the roads to dry out, he kept the troops at work digging a canal. Sandbars determined the river's overall navigability. This map shows the completion dates at various points along the route westward from Chicago. Two of the 1850's most significant corporate developments was the original New York Central Railroad's formation on May 17, 1853 and the Erie Railroad's completion in the spring of 1851. . Islands created dangerous currents.13 From just below Hastings to St. Anthony Falls roughly 40 islands broke the rivers flow. Pike, Sources of the Mississippi, p. 24; Keating, Narrative of an Expedition, p. 297. II The Midwest, (The University of Alabama Press, 1973), pp. Despite the frustrations and controversies, he had assured his wife: Vicksburg will be a hard job. as part of a portfolio of multi-value projects approved by the midcontinent independent system operator, this river crossing is 1.56 miles (2.51 km) long, connects the maywood substation in missouri and the herleman substation in illinois, and is part of the illinois rivers transmission project 385 miles (620 km) of transmission from palmyra, Due to the milling operations at the falls, the cataract was in danger of deteriorating into a series of rapids. In 1858, when Minnesota became a state, the new legislature sent a petition to Congress requesting that the federal government improve the river for navigation above St. Paul.70, While Minneapolis navigation boosters focused on shipping, others recognized the river's hydropower potential between the falls and St. Paul. Questions had arisen about his sobriety, with the War Department sending an observer to his headquarters. The Twin Cities had to see that the entire Mississippi River was remade. Hartsough, Canoe, pp. 148, 151-52, 155; Schonberger, Transportation to the Seaboard, pp. Little and Ives Company, 1944), p. 166; Hartsough, Canoe, pp. But in 1862, he left the river to fight in the Civil War. St. Paul and Minneapolis pushed especially hard. It drew national Senators and Representatives from 22 states and the governors of Minnesota, Ohio, Kansas, Missouri, and Virginia. 1851 (age 35), Goddard, George He came from England with his wife and seven children, five of whom died before reaching Utah. and finally crossing near St Cloud. It required the company to spend $25,000 on the project before February 1, 1871. 40-42; William D. Barns, Oliver Hudson Kelley and the Genesis of the Grange: A Reappraisal, Agricultural History 41 (July 1967):229-30. . It is a story with local and national significance. Responding in part to Minneapolis business and political interests, he requested $235,665 to construct a lock and dam at Meeker Island, which lay between Minneapolis and St. Paul. In these reaches, Warren found that the river seems, as it were, lost, and indecisive which way to go and the pilot is scarcely able to find the line of deepest water even in daylight, and is unable to proceed at night with any confidence.31 The small pools behind the bars would play an important part in Warren's strategy for navigation improvement on the upper river. U.S. Congress, House, Laws of the United States Relating to the Improvement of Rivers and Harbors, vol. His prices were high$8 to cross a wagon at high water, falling to $6 by early July. 196-97, 199; Tweet, History of Transportation, 38-39. Vol. The works built under the 41/2-foot channel project embody these national movements and local efforts. Doc. The lock and dam project hopelessly mired, the Corps, during its 1890 survey, evaluated removing boulders and rocks to encourage navigation.88 Major Alexander Mackenzie, the Rock Island District commander who had taken over this part of the river with the change in funding in 1888, suspected that Congress might authorize the Corps to remove the boulders in lieu of building locks and dams, even though it had authorized $25,000 to plan for a lock and dam in 1873. Mississippi Historical Crossings Additions and/or corrections to the database are encouraged! Alberta Kirchner Hill, Out With the Fleet, Minnesota History, (1961):286. Then, they would move to the next troublesome reach. Location. The first European settlement in the Twin Cities area was Fort Snelling. The solution, they insisted, lay in improving the nation's waterways, especially the Mississippi River and its tributaries. m., over which the annual rainfall averages . This ferry crossed the Mississippi River near the small town of Batchtownin Calhoun Countyinto Lincoln County, Missouri connecting with Route 79. It flows south at a speed of 1.2 miles per hour to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico and forms the second largest drainage system in North America after the Hudson Bay. Rail lines were generally shorter, more direct, and could reach deep into lands served by no navigable rivers. Overall, Warren found that those who had been using the river evince a shrewd knowledge of the action of running water and the means of temporarily controlling it, gained by their constant experience and observation.33 Warren listened to these knowledgeable sources, but came to his own conclusions. Shanai Matteson, an artist and community organizer who grew up in Palisade, stands at the site where the Line 3 oil pipeline will cross underneath the Mississippi River . No. The first bridge to cross the river here, the Eads Bridge, was completed in 1874 and is still used today. In early March, Grant wired General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck, I will have Vicksburg this month or fail in the attempt. He ordered operations on the Yazoo River and through Steeles Bayou, both of which ended in failure. With Warren's arrival in St. Paul in August, the Corps established a permanent stake in how the upper Mississippi River would be managed and changed. St. Louis merchants were among the Mississippi River's greatest advocates. As early as 1850, Minneapolis business and civic leaders had tried to convince shippers that steamboats could reach the falls. Snags were such frequent and treacherous hazards that steamboat pilots named them (Figure 3). On the night of April 16, with Grant watching from a transport, Porters fleet of gunboats, steamers and barges successfully ran the Confederate batteries, losing only one transport to Southern fire. This image pair shows the area around St. Louis, Missouri, in August 1991 and 1993. 312-15, quote from p. 315; Kane, St. Anthony, p. 94. Photo by Henry P. Bosse. . The effort to channel the river away from the defenders cannons had been underway for weeks. Warren provided estimates for a variety of projects, in his first annual report in 1867. Snags skewered the careless and even the cautious steamboat. It served the Indians as a means of crossing long before the whites penetrated as far west as the Mississippi. Walter Havighurst, Upper Mississippi, A Wilderness Saga, (New York: Farrar & Rinehart; New York: J. J. The Windom Committee Spurred by the Granger movement and navigation conventionspartly out of fear and partly out of a genuine concern to help farmers and businessesMinnesota Senator William Windom asked the Senate to establish a committee to examine the transportation problem and recommend solutions to it. St. Paul suffered a double setback. As cited in U. S. Congress, House, Letter from the Secretary of War, Transmitting, with a Letter from the Chief of Engineers, Report of Estimate for Six-Foot Channel in the Mississippi River between the Missouri River and St. Paul, Minn., 59th Cong., 2nd sess., H. Doc. Trains ran when the river was high or low; they ran when the cold of winter froze it; for the most part, they ran throughout the year.42 Those railroads that ran east to westmost importantly to Chicagotook advantage of complementary markets. So, commercial leaders in Minneapolis, supported by the State of Minnesota, sought federal support for navigation improvements in 1866. It did so twice that year. Henry P. Bosse. Carey's 1822 Geographical, Statistical and Historical State Map of Arkansas. This is the general phone line at the Mississippi River Visitor Center. C $25. He learned that Minneapolis and St. Anthony (the community on the rivers east bank that merged with Minneapolis in 1872) had funded the removal of boulders to encourage steamboats to travel above St. Paul. Havighurst, A Wilderness Saga, p. 249; Merrick, Old Times, p. 232. During the late summer or early fall, when the Mississippi usually became a shallow, slow-moving stream, the wing dams could not direct enough water down the channel to scour it. In response, farmers in the Midwest and throughout the nation joined the first national farm movement, called the Grange or Patrons of Husbandry. And in a speech before the Senate, he asserted that it was an admitted fact that present transportation facilities between the interior and the seaboard were totally inadequate. These transportation networks, he charged, were controlled by powerful monopolies who dictate their own terms to the people. pdf i74-mrc-bro.pdf (663.5 kB) Download the I-74 Mississippi River Crossings Brochure. Congress rejected Meeker's request and the Minnesota Legislature's petition for a land grant in support of a lock and dam in 1866. He questioned the value of removing boulders, believing that the steep grade and rapid current required locks and dams. Trees filled and enshrouded it. Before he could develop a plan for achieving the 4-foot channel, Warren had to learn more about the upper Mississippi River and he had to complete his survey. Wagon at high water, falling to $ 6 by early July to spend 25,000! And Isaac Atwater Keating, Narrative of an Expedition, p. 249 ; Merrick, Old Times, 24... 'S corn, flour, pork, and beef, it claimed, was completed 1874! Book, the Mississippi phone line at the Mississippi, p. 2746. c. 1810 at Chickasaw,! Over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines ferry crossed the River here, the Mississippi River, learned... New era of internal improvements historian Richard M. McMurry on his 2023 book, the Eads,... 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